Day 031 - 05 Oct 94 - Page 37

     
     1        you are referring to now, the fact that Professor
     2        Crawford's and McDonald's analyses differ.
     3
     4   MS. STEEL:   I think because they were carried out at different
     5        dates and the food has been changed.
     6
     7   MR. JUSTICE BELL:  Is that so, or are there different methods
     8        of analysis?
     9        A.  Yes.
    10
    11   Q.   You say the differences may be due to recent alterations
    12        in compositions?
    13        A.  I feel confident, your Lordship, that they are
    14        different dates because, as I understand it, McDonald's
    15        have recently revised both the type of fat they use and
    16        the amount of fat they use.  As I understand it, they are
    17        now using semi-skimmed milk in their milk shakes whereas
    18        before they were not.
    19
    20   Q.   You see no reason to doubt the accuracy of the analyses
         made for McDonald's by an independent concern?
    22        A.  None.
    23
    24   Q.   If there is a difference between their figures and your
    25        figures, it is because of a change in the constituency of
    26        the food?
    27        A.  Absolutely, yes.
    28
    29   MR. JUSTICE BELL:  Go through anything which you feel is
    30        essential, but I do not think you need to unless there is
    31        some particular point you want to bring out.
    32
    33   MS. STEEL:   Right.
    34
    35   MR. JUSTICE BELL:  I can see the dates of the actual analyses.
    36
    37   MS. STEEL:   Perhaps you could explain under fatty acids --
    38        sorry, there is "saturated plus trans".  Could you just
    39        explain that?
    40
    MR. JUSTICE BELL:  Can we take it shortly?  Is that because of
    42        the hydrogenation process or something different?
    43        A.  That is because in beef fat the ruminant hydrogenates,
    44        these essential fatty acids, there is a certain amount of
    45        transisomous(?) in there.  McDonald's do not give us
    46        information on the proportion of trans fatty acids.
    47        I think the important point about that, your Lordship, is
    48        that for some time it has been known that the trans fatty
    49        acids act biologically in the same way as do saturated
    50        fats.  So, in a sense one ought to put the two together. 
    51 
    52   MS. STEEL:  So it would be helpful if information on trans 
    53        fatty acids was given?
    54        A.  I think it is vital, but not everybody does it, but
    55        I think it is important.
    56
    57   Q.   Just clarify about trans fatty acids.  Are they also
    58        naturally found in milk as well?
    59        A.  Yes, they are found in any fats coming from ruminant
    60        animals.  They are also found in commercially produced