name: | Neil Barnard |
section: | Nutrition |
for: | The Defence |
experience: | Preventive medicine |
references:
Pennington JAT. Bowes and Church's Food Values of Portions Commonly Used. New York, Harper and Row, 1989.
Lipid Research Clinics Program, The Lipid Research Clinics Coro- nary Primary Prevention Trial Results, 11. AAMA 1984;251:365-74.
Kestin M, Rouse TL, Correll RA, Nestel PJ. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in free-living men: comparison of two prudent diets, one based on lactoovovegetarianism and the other allowing lean meat. An J Clin Nutr 1989;50:280-7.
Fisher M, Levine PH, Weiner B, et al. The effect of vegetarian diets on plasma lipid and platelet levels. Arch Intern Med 1986;146:1193-7.
Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW, et al- Can lifestyle changes reverse coronary heart disease? Lancet 1990;336:129-33.
Blankenhorn DH, Nessim SA, Johnson RL, Sanmarco ME, Azen SP, Cashin-Hemphil.1 L. Beneficial effects of combined colestipolniacin therapy on coronary atherosclerosis and coronary venous bypass grafts. JAMA 1987;257:3233-40.
Brown GB, Albers JJ, Fisher LD, et al. Niacin or lovastatin combined with colostipol regresses coronary atherosclerosis and prevents clinical events in men with elevated apolipoprotein B. N Engl J Med 1990;323,.1289-98.
Phillips RL, Lemon FR, Beeson WL, Kuzma JW. Coronary heart dis ease mortality among Seventh-day Adventists with differing dietary habits: a preliminary report. An J Clin Nutr 1978;31:Sl9l- 98.
Burr ML, Sweetnam PM. Vegetarianism, dietary fiber, and mortality. Ain J Clin Nutr 1982;36:873-7.
Burr ML, Butiand BK. Heart disease in British vegetarians. An J Clin Nutr 1988;48:830-2.
Chang-Claude J, Frentzel-Beyme R, Eilber U. Mortality pattern of German vegetarians after 11 years of follow-up. Epidemiology 1992;3:395-401.
Snowdon DA, Phillips RT., Fraser GE. Meat consumption and fatal ischemic heart disease. Prev Med 1984;13:490-500.
West RO, Hayes OB. Diet and serum cholesterol levels: a comparison between vegetarians and nonvegetarians in a Seventh-day Adventist group. An J Clin Nutr-1968;21:853-62.
Sacks FM, Ornish D, Rosner B, McLanahan S, Castelli WP, Kass EH. Plasma lipoprotein levels in vegetarians: the effect of ingestion of fats from dairy-products. JAMA 1985;254:1337-41.
Fisher M, Levine PH, Weiner B, et al. The effect of vegetarian diets on plasma lipid and platelet levels. Arch Inter Med 1986;146:1193-7.
Burslem J, Schonfeld G, Howald M, Weidman SW, Miller JP. Plasma Apoprotein and Lipoprotein Lipid Levels in Vegetarians. Metabolism 1978;27:711-19.
Cooper RS, Goldberg RB, Trevisan M, et al. The selective lipid- lowering effect of vegetarianism on low density lipoproteins in a cross-over experiment. Atherosclerosis 1982;44:293-305.
U.S. Department of Health and Human services. Surgeon General's Report on Nutrition and Health. DHHS Publ No. 88-50210, 1988.
Armstrong B, Doll R. Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special refer- ence to dietary practices. Int J Cancer 1975;15:617-31.
Carroll KK, Braden LM. Dietary fat and mammary carcinogenesis. Nutrition and Cancer 1985;6:254-9.
Rose DP, Boyar AP, Wynder EL. International comparisons of mortality rates for cancer of the breast, ovary, prostate, and colon, and per capita food consumption. Cancer 1986;58:2363-71.
Lands WEM, Harnazaki T, Yamazaki K, Okuyama H, Sakai K, Goto Y, Hubbard VS. Changing dietary patterns. An J Clin Nutr 1990;53:991-3.
Hirayama T. Epidemiology of breast cancer with special reference to the role of diet. Prev Med 1978;7:173-95.
Wynder EL, Fujita Y, Harris RE, Hirayama T, Hiyama T. Comparative epidemiology of cancer between the United States and Japan. Cancer 1991:67:746-63.
Toniolo P, Riboli E, Protta F, Charrel M, Cappa AP. Calorie- providing nutrients and risk of breast Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81:278.
Wynder EL, Esctier GC, Mantel N. An epidemiological investigation of cancer of the endometrium. Cancer 1966;19:489-520.
Elwood JM, Cole P, Rothman KJ, Kaplan SD. Epidemiology of endometrial cancer. J Natl Cancer Inat 1977;59:1055-60.
Lingeman CH. Etiology of cancer of the human ovary: A review. J Natl Cancer Inst 1974;53:1603-18.
National Research Council. Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer. Washington, National Academy Press, 1982.
Howell MA. Factor analysis of international cancer mortality data and per capita food consumption. Br J Cancer 1974;29:328-36.
Blair A, Fraumeni JF, Jr. Geographic patterns of prostate cancer in the United States. J Natl Cancer inst 1978;61:1379-84.
Kolonel LN, Hankin JH, Lee J, Chu SY, Nomura AMY, Hinds MW. Nutrient intakes in relation to cancer incidence in Hawaii. Br J Cancer 1981;44:332-9.
Rotkin ID. Studies in the epidemiology of prostatic cancer: expanded sampling. Cancer Treat Rep 1977;61:173-80.
Schuman LM, Mandel JS, Radke A, Seal U, Halberg F. Some selected features of the epidemiology of prostatic cancer: Minneapolis-St. 'Paul, Minnesota case control study, 1976-1979. In: Magnus K, ed.Trends in Cancer Incidence: causes and Practical Implications Washington, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1982.
Graham S, et al. Diet in the epidemiology of carcinoma of the prostate gland. J Natl Cancer Inst 1983;70:687-92.
Ross RK, Shimizu H, Paganini-Hill A, Honda G, Henderson BE. Case-control studies of prostate cancer in blacks and whites in Southern California. J Natl Cancer Inst 1987;78:869-74.
Severson RK, Nomura AM, Grove JS, Stemmermann GN. A prospective study of demographics, diet, and prostate cancer among men of Japanese ancestry in Hawaii. Cancer Research 1989;49:1857-60.
Oishi K, Okada X, Yoshida 0, et al- A case-control study of prostatic cancer with reference to dietary habits. Prostate 1988:12:179-90
Mettlin C, Selenskas S, Natarajan N, Huben R. Beta-carotene and animal fats and their relationship to prostate cancer risk: A case-control study. Cancer 1989;64:605-12.
Pillips RL. Role of life-style and dietary habits in risk of cancer among Seventh-Adventists. Cancer Research 1975; 35:3513-22
Mills P, Beeson WL, Phillips RL, Fraser GE. Cohort study of diet, lifestyle, and prostate cancer in Adventist men. Cancer 1989;64:598-604.
Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz CA, Rosner BA, Speizer FE. Relation of meat, fat, and fiber intake to the-risk of colon. cancer in a prospective study.among women. N Engl J Med 1990:323:1664-72.
Gerhardsson de Verdier M, Hagman U, Peters RK, steineck- G, Overvik E. Meat, cooking methods and colorectal cancer: a case- referrent study in Stockholm. Int J Cancer.1991;49:520-5.
Malter M, Schriever G, Eilber U. Natural killer cells, vitamins, and other blood components of vegetarian and omnivorous men. Nutr Cancer 1989;12:271-78.
Verreault R, Brisson J, Deschenes L, Naud F, Meyer F, Belang- er L. Dietary fat in relation to prognostic indicators in breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988;80:819-25.
Gregorio DI, Emrich L&T, GrahaM S, Marshall JR, Nemoto T. Dietary fat consumption and survival among women with breast cancer. JNCI 1985;75:37-41.
Aries VC, Crowther JS, Drasar BS, Hill MJ, Ellis FR. The effect of a strict vegetarian diet on the faecal flora and faecal ster- oid concentration. J Path 1971;103:54-56.
van Faassen A, Bol J, van Dokkum W, Pikaar NA, Ockhuizen T, Hermus RJJ. Bile acids, neutral steroids, and bacteria in feces as affected by a mixed, a lacto-ovovegetarian, and a vegan diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1987;46:962-7.
Nair PP, Turjman N, Goodman GT, Guidry c, Catkins EM. Diet, nutrition intake, and metabolism in populations at high and low risk for colon cancer: Metabolism of neutral steroids. Am J Clin Nutr 1984;40:931-6.
Turjman N, Goodman GT, Jaeger 5, Nair PP. Diet, nutrition intake, and metabolism in populations at high and low risk for colon cancer: Metabolism of bile acids. Am J Clin Nutr 1984;40;937-41.
Reddy BS, Wynder EL. Large-bowel carcinogenesis: fecal constitutions of populations with diverse incidence rates of colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1973;50:1437-42.
Phillips RL, Kuzma JW, Beeson WL, Lotz T. Influence of selection versus lifestyle on risk of fatal cancer and cardiovascular disease among Seventh-day Adventists. Am J Epidem 1980b;112:296- 324.
Ophir 0, Peer G, Gilad J, Blum M, Aviram A. Low blood pressure in vegetarians: the possible role of potassium. Am J Clin Nutr 1983;37:755-62.
Melby CL, Hyner GC, Zoog B. Blood pressure in vegetarians and non-vegetarians: a cross-sectional analysis. Nutr Res 1985;5:1077-82.
Melby CL, Goldflies DG, Hyner GC, Lyle RM. Relation between vegetarian/nonvegetarian diets and blood pressure in black and white adults. Am J Publ Health 1989;79:1283-88.
Rouse IL, Armstrong BY, Beilin LJ. Vegetarian diet, lifestyle and blood pressure in two religious populations. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1982;9:327-30.
Rouse IL, Armstrong BK, Beilin LJ, Vandongen R. Blood-pressure-lowering effect of a vegetarian diet: controlled trial in normotensive subjects. Lancet 1983;1:5-10.
Sacks FM, Kass EH. Low blood pressure in vegetarians: effects of specific foods and nutrients. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48:795-800.
Armstrong B, van Merwyk AJ, Coates H. Blood pressure in Seventh- day Adventist vegetarians. Aim J Epidem 1977;105:444-49.
Ernst E Pietsch L, Matrai A, Eisenberg.J Blood rheology in vegetarians. Br J Nutr 1986;56:555-60.
Rouse IL, Beilin LJ, Mahoney DP, et al. Nutrient intake, blood pressure, serum and urinary prostaglandins and serum thromboxane B2 in a controlled trial with a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet. J Hypertension 1986;4:241-50.
Margetts BM, Beilin LJ, Armstrong BK, Vandongen R. A Randomized controlled trial of a vegetarian diet in the treatment of mild hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1985;12:263-66.
Margetts BM, Beilin L-J, Vandongen R, Armstrong BK. Vegetarian diet in mild hypertension: a randomised controlled trial. Br Med J 1986;293:1468-71.
Lindahl 0, Lindwall L, Spangberg A, Stenram A, Ockerman PA. A vegan regimen with reduced medication in the treatment of hypertension. Br J Nutr 1984;52:11-20.
Armstrong B, Clarke M, Martin C, Ward W, Norman N, Masarei J. Urinary sodium and blood pressure in vegetarians. Am J Clin Nutr 1979;32:2472-76.
Rouse IL, Beilin L.J. Editorial review: vegetarian diet and blood pressure. J Hypertension 1984;2:231-40.
Anderson JW, Zeigler JA, Deakins DA, et al. Metabolic effects of high-carbohydrate, high-fiber diets for insulin-dependent diabetic individuals Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54:936-43.
Snowdon DA, Ptlillips RL. Does a vegetarian diet reduce the occurrence of diabetes? Am J Publ Health 1985;75:507-12.
Barnard RJ, Massey MR, Cherny S, O'Brien LT, Pritikin N. Long-term use of a high-complex-carbohydrate, high-fiber, low-fat diet and exercise in the treatment of NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care1983;6:268-73.
Crane MG, Sample CJ. Regression of diabetic neuropathy on total vegetarian diet: follow-up data. Presentation. Weinar Institute, Weimar California.
Roy MS, Stables G, Collier B, Roy A, Bou E Nutritional factors in diabetics with and without retinopathy. Am J Clin Nutr 1989;50:728-30.
West KM, Kalbfleisch JM. Glucose tolerance, nutrition, and diabetes in Uruguay, Venezuela, Malaya, and East Paxistan. Diabetes1966;15:9-18.
West KM, Kalbfleisch JM. Influence of nutritional factors on prevalence of diabetes. Diabetes 1971;20:99-108.
Munoz JM. Fiber and diabetes. Diabetes Care 1984;7:297-300.
Pixley F. Wilson D, MCPherson K, Mann Jr. Effect of vegetarianism on development of gallstones in women. Br med J 1985;291:11-12.
Nieman DC. Vegetarian dietary practices and endurance performance. Am J Clin Nutr 1988;48:75-81.
References from the Supplementary Statement:
1. American Heart Association. 1992 Heart and Stroke Facts. Dallas, American Heart Association, 1991.
2. Stamler J, Shekelle R. Dietary cholesterol and human coronary heart disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1988;112:1032-40.
3. Lipid Research Clinics Program, The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial Results, II. JAMA 1984;251:365-74.
4. Kris-Etherton PM, Krummel D, Dreon D, Mackey S, Borchers J, Wood PD. The effect of diet on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and coronary heart disease. J Am Dietetic Asso 1988;88:1373-1400.
5. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures--1995. American Cancer Society, Atlanta, 1993.
6. Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Adami HO, et al. Cohort studies of fat intake and the risk of breast cancer--a pooled analysis. N Engl J Med;334:356-61.
7. National Research Council. Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer. Washington, D.C., National Research Council, 1982.
8. Morgan JW, Fraser GE, Phillips RL, Andress MH. Dietary factors and colon cancer incidence among Seventh-day Adventists. Am J Epidem 1988;4:918.
9. Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rosner BA, Speizer FE. Relation of meat, fat, and fiber intake to the risk of colon cancer in a prospective study among women. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1664-72.
10. Gerhardsson de Verdier M, Hagman U, Peters RK, Steineck G, Overvik E. Meat, cooking methods and colorectal cancer: a case-referent study in Stockholm. Int J Cancer 1991:49:520-25.
11. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, Willett WC. Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men. Cancer Res 1994;54:2390-7.
12. Aries VC, Crowther JS, Drasar BS, Hill MJ, Ellis FR. The effect of a strict vegetarian diet on the faecal flora and faecal steroid concentration. J Path 1971;103:54-56.
13. van Faassen A, Bol J, van Dokkum W, Pikaar NA, Ockhuizen T, Hermus RJJ. Bile acids, neutral steroids, and bacteria in feces as affected by a mixed, a lacto-ovovegetarian, and a vegan diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1987;46:962-7.
14. Nair PP, Turjman N, Goodman GT, Guidry C, Calkins BM. Diet, nutrition intake, and metabolism in populations at high and low risk for colon cancer: Metabolism of neutral steroids. Am J Clin Nutr 1984;40:931-6.
15. Turjman N, Goodman GT, Jaeger B, Nair PP. Diet, nutrition intake, and metabolism in populations at high and low risk for colon cancer: Metabolism of bile acids. Am J Clin Nutr 1984;40:937-41.
16. Reddy BS, Wynder EL. Large-bowel carcinogenesis: fecal constituents of populations with diverse incidence rates of colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1973;50:1437-42.
date signed: | July 27, 1993 |